Temps de lecture : 11 minutes
References
↑1 | « La violence sexuelle et basée sur le genre correspond à tout acte perpétré contre la volonté d’une personne et qui se fonde sur des normes de genre et de relation inégale de pouvoir ». « Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) prevention and response », UNHCR, consulté le 25 février 2021, sur : https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/60283/sexual-and-gender-based-violence-sgbv-prevention-and-response |
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↑2 | « The Fight Against Sexual Violence », United States Institute of Peace, 6 août 2015, sur : https://youtu.be/GfxJbVH6ZwE |
↑3 | Peterman, Amber, Tia Palermo et Caryn Bredenkamp, “Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo”, American Public Health Association, juin 2011, sur : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093289/ |
↑4 | Amber Peterman et Caryn Bredenkamp, « Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo », American Public Health Association, 30 août 2011, sur : https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300070?hits=10&andorexactfulltext=and&FIRSTINDEX=0&searchid=1&author1=Bredenkamp&resourcetype=HWCIT&RESULTFORMAT=&sortspec=relevance&maxtoshow= |
↑5 | « Democratic Republic of Congo », Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, 2020, sur : https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ |
↑6, ↑15, ↑18, ↑38 | Ibid. |
↑7 | « Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women examines the situation of women’s rights in the Democratic Republic of Congo », United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, 9 juillet 2019, sur : https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24820&LangID=E |
↑8 | Human Rights Watch, The War Within the War : Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo, juin 2002, p. 2, sur : https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/Congo0602.pdf |
↑9 | Rappelons la définition de l’intersectionnalité de Patricia Hill Collin qui « considère que des types d’ethnie, de classe, de genre, de sexualité, de nationalité, de compétence, d’appartenance et d’âge – entre autres – sont liées entre elles et se façonnent entre elle ». |
↑10 | Pour des informations plus précises sur les micro-nations en Afrique, voir Wangari Maathai, The Challenge for Africa (2009). |
↑11 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, juillet 2009, p. 15, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf |
↑12 | « Congo: Bringing Peace to North Kivu”, International Crisis Group, 31 octobre 2007, sur : https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/democratic-republic-congo/congo-bringing-peace-north-kivu |
↑13, ↑25 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone : Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, juillet 2009, p. 15, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf, op. cit. |
↑14, ↑17, ↑22 | Paul Nantulya, « A Medley of Armed Groups Play on Congo’s Crisis », Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 24 octobre 2017, sur : https://africacenter.org/spotlight/medley-armed-groups-play-congo-crisis/, op. cit. |
↑16 | « Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo », Global Conflict Tracker, 1 mars 2021, sur : https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violence-democratic-republic-congo |
↑19 | « Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, January to October 2020 », Insecurity Insight, 21 novembre 2020, sur : https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/January-October-2020-Sexual-Violence-in-the-DRC.pdf |
↑20 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, juillet 2009, p. 21, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf, op. cit. |
↑21 | Ibid, p. 25 |
↑23 | Human Rights Watch, The War Within the War: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo, juin 2002, sur : https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/Congo0602.pdf, op. cit. |
↑24, ↑26 | Human Rights Watch, The War Within the War : Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo, juin 2002, p. 2, sur : https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/Congo0602.pdf, op. cit. |
↑27 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone : Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, juillet 2009, p. 32, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf, op. cit. |
↑28 | Human Rights Watch, « You Will Be Punished » : Attacks on Civilians in Congo, décembre 2009, p. 14, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc1209webwcover2.pdf |
↑29 | Human Rights Watch, « You Will Be Punished » : Attacks on Civilians in Congo, décembre 2009, p. 12, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc1209webwcover2.pdf |
↑30 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone : Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, July 2009, p. 12-14, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf, op. cit. |
↑31, ↑33 | Human Rights Watch, The War Within the War : Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo, juin 2002, p. 56, sur : https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/Congo0602.pdf, op. cit. |
↑32 | Fiston Mahamba, « Congo fighters jailed for life after child rape ceremonies: rights group »”, Reuters, 13 décember 2017, sur : https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-violence-idUSKBN1E72NE |
↑34 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone : Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, juillet 2009, p. 39, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf, op. cit. |
↑35 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone : Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, juillet 2009, p. 27, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf, op. cit. |
↑36 | Human Rights Watch, The War Within the War : Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo, juin 2002, p. 24, sur : https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/Congo0602.pdf, op. cit. |
↑37 | Ibid, p. 21 |
↑39 | Human Rights Watch, Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone : Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, juillet 2009, p. 43, sur : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/drc0709web.pdf, op. cit. |
↑40 | Voir le premier article de cette série. |