Temps de lecture : 8 minutes
References
↑1 | Courrier international, (02 janvier 2023), « Hécatombe. 600 000 morts : plus meurtrier que la guerre en Ukraine, le conflit éthiopien n’émeut pourtant pas », Courrierinternational.com, https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/hecatombe-600-000-morts-plus-meurtrier-que-la-guerre-en-ukraine-le-conflit-ethiopien-n-emeut-pourtant-pas |
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↑2 | Amnesty International, (03 novembre 2022), « Éthiopie : depuis deux ans, l’un des conflits les plus meurtriers du monde se déroule loin des regards », amnesty.fr, https://www.google.fr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiI2cfTntP8AhVoVaQEHSi6B5UQFnoECCgQAw&url=https://www.amnesty.fr/conflits-armes-et-populations/actualites/ethiopie-tigre-un-des-conflits-les-plus-meurtriers-du-monde&usg=AOvVaw2Yps6Je_jvFQBsyMfsxSW_ |
↑3 | YORK G, (21 octobre 2022), « Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say », The Globe and mail, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-surge-of-dehumanizing-hate-speech-points-to-mounting-risk-of-mass/ |
↑4 | EEPA, (25 mai 2021), TESTIMONIES Conflict-Related Gender Based Violence in Tigray, EEPA.be, https://www.eepa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/TESTIMONIES-Proceedings-Conflict-Related-Sexual-Violence-against-Women_EEPA_Webinar-Voices_of_Tigray_25_05_2021.pdf |
↑5 | KASSA L, (6 janvier 2023), The Tigray conflict in Ethiopia: Rape weaponized, Center for collaborative investigative journalism, https://veza.news/article/2022/12/13/in-ethiopias-tigray-a-horrific-military-cooperation-weaponized-rape/ |
↑6 | Témoignage n°4, EEPA, (25 mai 2021), TESTIMONIES Conflict-Related Gender Based Violence in Tigray, EEPA.be, https://www.eepa.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/TESTIMONIES-Proceedings-Conflict-Related-Sexual-Violence-against-Women_EEPA_Webinar-Voices_of_Tigray_25_05_2021.pdf |
↑7 | Amnesty international, (aout 2021), Ethiopia: “I don’t know if they realized I was a person”: Rape and sexual violence in the conflict in Tigray, Ethiopia, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/AFR2545692021ENGLISH.pdf |
↑8 | GUIGNARD C, (juillet 2020), « Violences sexuelles en temps de guerre : arme, méthode, stratégie ou pratique », Institut du Genre en Géopolitique, https://igg-geo.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/GUIGNARD-Rapport-final-def.pdf |
↑9 | GAGGIOLI G, (2014), Les violences sexuelles dans les conflits armés : une violation du droit international humanitaire et du droit international des droits de l’homme, Revue internationale de La Croix rouge, Vol 96, 2014/2, https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/07-ricr-sf-894-gaggioli.pdf |
↑10 | Amnesty international (05 mars 2022), Éthiopie : neuf choses à savoir sur le conflit au Tigré, amnesty.fr, https://www.amnesty.fr/conflits-armes-et-populations/actualites/ethiopie-conflit-tigre-comprendre-interview-chercheur-amnesty-international-france |
↑11 | Communiqué du représentant spéciale du secrétaire général pour les violence sexuelles au sein des conflits, (21 janvier 2021), « Ms. Pramila Patten, urges all parties to prohibit the use of sexual violence and cease hostilities in the Tigray region of Ethiopia », https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/press-release/united-nations-special-representative-of-the-secretary-general-on-sexual-violence-in-conflict-ms-pramila-patten-urges-all-parties-to-prohibit-the-use-of-sexual-violence-and-cease-hostilities-in-the/ |
↑12 | Ex : les Dohomey du 17e siècle, JONES R, (14 septembre 2022), The warriors of this West African kingdom were formidable and female, National Geographic, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-true-story-of-the-women-warriors-of-dahomey |
↑13 | VEALE, L (2003), From Child soldier to ex-fighter, Institute for Security Studies. Monograph, N°85, Pretoria, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/118373/85 Full.pdf (TRAD : another important factor for the success of the TPLF was the dynamic involvement of women. Women fighters’ determination for combat had its apparent contribution to a more radical and military ardor of the liberation movement) |
↑14 | VEALE, 1 (2003), From Child soldier to ex-fighter, Institute for Security Studies. Monograph, N°85, Pretoria, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/118373/85 Full.pdf |
↑15 | ALPEYRIE, J (14 février 2022), The female fighters at the center of ethiopia’s conflict, missionmag.org, https://missionmag.org/ethiopia-jonathan-alpeyrie-war-photographer/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ethiopia-jonathan-alpeyrie-war-photographer |
↑16 | BALDWIN, C (30 septembre 2022), Faces of War: The Hidden Stories of Female Fighters, University of reading, https://research.reading.ac.uk/research-blog/faces-of-war-the-hidden-stories-of-female-fighters/ (TRAD : women are at the forefront of the resistance movement. They are leading the fight against the federal government in more ways than one). |
↑17 | BALDWIN, C (30 septembre 2022), Faces of War: The Hidden Stories of Female Fighters, University of reading, https://research.reading.ac.uk/research-blog/faces-of-war-the-hidden-stories-of-female-fighters/ |
↑18 | BALDWIN, C (30 septembre 2022), Faces of War: The Hidden Stories of Female Fighters, University of reading, https://research.reading.ac.uk/research-blog/faces-of-war-the-hidden-stories-of-female-fighters/ |
↑19 | KENNETH R, (16 juin 2022), Ethiopia’s Invisible Ethnic Cleansing The World Can’t Afford to Ignore Tigray, HRW, https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/16/ethiopias-invisible-ethnic-cleansing |
↑20 | LACHAPELLE, A.H, (25 janvier 2022), Ethiopian Feminists on a Mission to Help Sexual Assault Survivors, Global Health Now, https://globalhealthnow.org/2022-01/ethiopian-feminists-mission-help-sexual-assault-survivors |
↑21 | ABDI F, (2 novembre 2022), I resigned over war crimes against women and girls in Ethiopia. I want justice, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/nov/02/i-resigned-over-war-crimes-against-women-and-girls-in-ethiopia-i-want-justice |
↑22, ↑24 | VEALE, 1 (2003), From Child soldier to ex-fighter, Institute for Security Studies. Monograph, N°85, Pretoria, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/118373/85 Full.pdf |
↑23 | BEZA NEGEWO O, (mai 2010), Post-War Narratives of Women Ex-Combatants of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), Institute of Gender Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements, Addis Abeba, http://213.55.95.56/bitstream/handle/123456789/6915/Beza%20Negewo.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |