Temps de lecture : 21 minutes
References
↑1, ↑2 | Brown, M. T. (2012). Enlisting Masculinity. Oxford University Press |
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↑3 | Beauchesne, É. (2013). La masculinité hégémonique militaire: sauf-conduit aux violences contre les femmes: le cas de l’ex-colonel David Russell Williams (Doctoral dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal). |
↑4 | Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. (2000). Smith et Grady c. Royaume Uni . Récupéré de https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-62935%22]} |
↑5 | BBC News. (2023, 20 juillet). Rishi Sunak apologises to LGBT veterans for past armed forces gay ban. Récupéré de https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-66242611 |
↑6 | Pew Research Center. (2011, December 22). A Snapshot of Active-Duty Women. Recuperée de: https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2011/12/22/a-snapshot-of-active-duty-women |
↑7 | Garamone, J. (2021, January 25). Biden administration overturns transgender exclusion policy. U.S. Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/article/2482048/biden-administration-overturns-transgender-exclusion-policy/ |
↑8 | TV5Monde. (2023, 22 mai). Se dirige-t-on vers un #MeToo des armées? Terriennes. Récupéré de https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/se-dirige-t-vers-un-metoo-des-armees-2715545 |
↑9 | Eichler, M. (2014). Militarized masculinities in international relations. Brown J. World Aff., 21, 81 |
↑10 | Araújo, J. B. . (2018). A participação das mulheres em operações de paz: O caso do exército brasileiro na Minutah durante a última década |
↑11, ↑12 | Connell, R. W. (2020). Masculinities. Routledge |
↑13, ↑14 | Beauchesne, É. (2013). La masculinité hégémonique militaire: sauf-conduit aux violences contre les femmes: le cas de l’ex-colonel David Russell Williams (Doctoral dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal |
↑15, ↑16, ↑17, ↑23 | Les informations ont été obtenues par le biais d’un entretien semi-structuré mené par une ancienne administratrice du Ministère des Armées français |
↑18 | Legal Information Institute (n.d.). Don’t ask don’t tell. Cornell Law School. Accès: Juin 13 2024, de https://www.lawcornell.edu/wex/don%27t_ask_don%27t_tell |
↑19 | Human Rights Campaign. (s. d.). Repeal of « Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell. » Récupéré sur https://www.hrc.org/our-work/stories/repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell |
↑20, ↑21, ↑22 | Boutron, C., & Weber, C. (2022). La féminisation des armées françaises: entre volontarisme institutionnel et résistances internes. Travail, genre et sociétés, (1), 37-54 |
↑24 | USAFacts. (2024, February 21). How many people are in the US military? A demographic overiew. USAFacts. https://usafacts.org/artciles/how-may-people-are-in-the-us-military-a-demographic-overview |
↑25 | Foubert, J. D., & Masin, R. C. (2012). Effects of the men’s program on US Army soldiers’ intentions to commit and willingness to intervene to prevent rape: A pretest posttest study. Violence and Victims, 27(6), 911-921 |
↑26 | European Organisation of Military Associations. (2023). Survey on Gender Equality in the Armed Forces. Récupée de https://euromil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/2306_Survey-Gender-Equality-in-the-Armed-Forces.pdf |
↑27, ↑28 | Emma Roquel, Danemark: les femmes dans l’armée face au harcelement, 4/02/2023, Institut du Genre en Géopolitique, https://igg-geo.org/?p=11069 |
↑29 | Breslin, Rachel A., Lisa Davis, Kimberly Hylton, Ariel Hill, William Klauberg, Mark Petusky, and Ashlea Klahr, 2018 Workplace and Gender Relations of Active Duty Members: Overview Report, Alexandria, Va.: Office of People Analytics, U.S. Department of Defense, OPA Report No. 2019-027, Mai 2019 |
↑30 | Lehavot, K., Hoerster, K. D., Nelson, K. M., Jakupcak, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2012). Health indicators for military, veteran, and civilian women. American journal of preventive medicine, 42(5), 473-480 |
↑31 | Blosnich, J. R., Bossarte, R. M., & Silenzio, V. M. (2012). Suicidal ideation among sexual minority veterans: results from the 2005–2010 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. American journal of public health, 102(S1), S44-S47 |
↑32 | Cochran, B. N., Balsam, K., Flentje, A., Malte, C. A., & Simpson, T. (2016). Mental health characteristics of sexual minority veterans. In Evolution of Government Policy Towards Homosexuality in the US Military (pp. 289-305). Routledge |
↑33 | Booth, B. M., Mengeling, M., Torner, J., & Sadler, A. G. (2011). Rape, sex partnership, and substance use consequences in women veterans. Journal of traumatic stress, 24(3), 287-294 |
↑34 | Lehavot, K., & Simpson, T. L. (2013). Incorporating lesbian and bisexual women into women veterans’ health priorities. Journal of general internal medicine, 28, 609-614 |
↑35, ↑36, ↑37 | Women’s Congressional Policy Institute. (n.d.). Causes of Military Sexual Assault Focus of House Subcommittee. Women’s Congressional Policy Institute. https://www.wcpinst.org/source/causes-of-military-sexual-assault-focus-of-house-subcommittee |
↑38 | Women’s Congressional Policy Institute. (n.d.). Causes of Military Sexual Assault Focus of House Subcommittee. Women’s Congressional Policy Institute. https://www.wcpinst.org/source/causes-of-military-sexual-assault-focus-of-house-subcommittee |
↑39 | Schuyler, A. C., Klemmer, C., Mamey, M. R., Schrager, S. M., Goldbach, J. T., Holloway, I. W., & Castro, C. A. (2020). Experiences of sexual harassment, stalking, and sexual assault during military service among LGBT and non‐LGBT service members. Journal of traumatic stress, 33(3), 257-266 |
↑40 | P.A, H. & P. (2023, June 29). Facts on Military Sexual Trauma and Statistics. Hill & Ponton, P.A. https://www.hillandponton.com/facts-on-military-sexual-trauma-and-statistics/#:~:text=Statistics%20on%20Military%20Sexual%20Assault%5B5%5D&text=Of%20women%20who%20reported%20a |
↑41 | Kegu, J. (2023, June 21). New figures reveal scope of military discrimination against LGBTQ troops, with over 29,000 denied honorable discharges – CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/military-gay-lesbian-service-members-denied-honorable-discharges |
↑42 | Council on Criminal Justice (2023). Who’s a veteran? https://counciloncj.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Whos_A_Veteran_Final.pdf |
↑43 | Legal Services Center of Harvard Law School. (2015). Turn away report: How VA Unlawfully Denies Health Care to Veterans with Bad Paper Discharges. https://legalservicescenter.org/wp-content/uploads/Turn-Away-Report.pdf |
↑44, ↑45 | The Guardian. (2021, February 16). British soldiers sacked for being gay can get their medals back. Récupérée le 14 juin, 2024, de https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/british-soldiers-sacked-for-being-gay-can-get-their-medals-back#:~:text=By%20law%2C%20gay%20men%20and,had%20their%20service%20medals%20removed |
↑46 | Kegu, J. (2023, June 21). New figures reveal scope of military discrimination against LGBTQ troops, with over 29,000 denied honorable discharges – CBS News. Www.cbsnews.com. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/military-gay-lesbian-service-members-denied-hon)orable-discharges |
↑47 | Les informations ont été obtenues par un biais d’un entretien semi-structuré avec une ancienne administratrice du Ministère des Armées français |
↑48 | Basham, V. M. (2018). Liberal militarism as insecurity, desire and ambivalence: Gender, race and the everyday geopolitics of war. Security Doalogue, 49(1-2), 32-43 |
↑49 | Hoijtink, M., & Muehlenhoff, H. L. M. (2020). The EU as a Masculine Military Power: European Integration and the Use of Force. Political Studies Review, 18(3), 362-377. Récupéré de https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/89138847/The_EU_as_a_Masculine_Military_Power_Political_Studies_Review_MH_HM.pdf |
↑50 | EEAS (2017c) EU Global Strategy: The Story of Sophia. Récupérée de: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters |
↑51 | Lang, M. J. (2017). Examining the Trump administration’s transngender service ban through an international human rights law framework. Duke J. Gender L. & Pol’y, 25, 24 |
↑52 | BBC News (2021, Janvier 25). Biden overturns Trump transgender military ban. Récupérée de http://www.bbc.com/news/world-ud-canada-55799913 |
↑53 | White , B. (2021). Protecting Our Service Members: Sexual Assault Response Reform in the US Military. Pol’y Persp., 28, 1 |
↑54, ↑55 | Walters, E. (2021, Decembre 29). New law named for Vanessa Guillén aimed at reforming military investigations signed by Biden. The Texas Tribune. Récupérée de https://www.texastribune.org/2021/12/29/vanessa-guillen-act-military-investigations/#:~:text=New%20law%20named%20for%20Vanessa,1 |
↑56 | France Bleu. (2023, 21 mai). Violences sexuelles dans les armées : après de nombreux témoignages, le ministère lance une mission d’inspection. France Bleu. Récupéré de https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/violences-sexuelles-dans-les-armees-apres-de-nombreux-temoignages-le-ministere-lance-une-mission-d-inspection-6181580 |
↑57 | Ministère des Armées. (2024). THEMIS: Lutte contre le harcèlement sexuel, les violences sexuelles et sexistes, et les discriminations de toute sorte. Ministère des Armées. Récupéré de https://www.defense.gouv.fr/themis-lutte-contre-harcelement-sexuel-violences-sexuelles-sexistes-discriminations-toute-sorte |
↑58 | Boutron , C., & Weber, C. (2022). La féminisation des armées françaises: entre voluntarisme institutionnel et résistances internes. Travail, genre et sociétés, (1), 37-54 |
↑59 | Department of National Defence. (2022, March). Spotlight on culture change initiatives for military personnel. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/maple-leaf/defence/2022/03/spotlight-culture-change-initiatives-military-personnel.html |
↑60 | Les informations ont été obtenues par le biais d’un entretien semi-structuré méné par une ancienne administratrice du Ministère des Armées français |
↑61 | Les informations ont été obtenues par le bians d’un entretien semi-structuré mené par une ancienne administratrice du Ministère des Armées français |
↑62 | Sagawa, S., & Campbell, N. (1992). Women in the Military Issue Paper Sexual Harassement of Women in the Military. https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Military%20Haressment.pdf |
↑63 | Sagawa, S., & Campbell, N. (1992). Women in the Military Issue Paper Sexual Harassement of Women in the Military. https://nwlc.org/wp-content/upload/2015/08/Military%20Haressment.pdf |