Temps de lecture : 16 minutes
References
↑1 | Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI). (2023). Conflit israélo-palestinien : En France, un débat particulièrement piégé. Institut Français des Relations Internationales. https://www.ifri.org/fr/espace-media/lifri-medias/conflit-israelo-palestinien-france-un-debat-particulierement-piege |
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↑2 | Voir par exemple: Sciences Po. (2023). Les femmes dans les conflits armés : Patriarcat en temps de guerre. Sciences Po. https://www.sciencespo.fr/fr/actualites/les-femmes-dans-les-conflits-armes-patriarcat-en-temps-de-guerre/ ; Voir aussi Toivanen, M. and Baser, B. (2016) Gender in the representations of an armed conflict: Kurdish female combatants in French and British media Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication (9) 3, 294 – 314. DOI: 10.1163/18739865-00903007 |
↑3 | Leostic, C. (2018). En Palestine, les femmes sont en première ligne, à tous les niveaux. 50/50 Magazine. https://www.50-50magazine.fr/2018/06/20/claude-leostic-en-palestine-les-femmes-sont-en-premiere-ligne-a-tous-les-niveaux/ |
↑4 | À lire par exemple dans: Abuzerr, S., & Zinser, K. (2024). Amplifying the voices of women in the Gaza Strip. The Lancet. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)00680-9/fulltext#seccestitle10 |
↑5 | Pour plus d’informations, se référer au dernier rapport du Conseil des Droits de l’Homme de l’ONU: Conseil des Droits de l’Homme de l’ONU. (2024). Rapport du Conseil des Droits de l’Homme de l’ONU. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-crp-3.pdf |
↑6 | MSN. (2024). How AP analyzed Gaza health ministry’s death toll data. MSN News. https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/us/how-ap-analyzed-gaza-health-ministrys-death-toll-data/ar-BB1nMF7V |
↑7 | https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-crp-4.pdf |
↑8 | The Lancet. (2024). Women’s voices in Gaza: Health and human rights. The Lancet. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext#seccestitle10 |
↑9 | Reuters. (2024, May 14). Gaza death toll: How many Palestinians has Israel’s campaign killed? Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-death-toll-how-many-palestinians-has-israels-campaign-killed-2024-05-14/ / United Nations. (2024, January). UN news update on the Gaza crisis.UN News.https://news.un.org/fr/story/2024/01/1142662 |
↑10 | South China Morning Post. (2024, May). Israel-Gaza war: Chinese satellites detail scale of destruction in besieged Palestinian territory. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3260476/how-much-gaza-has-been-destroyed-war-chinese-satellites-detail-damage |
↑11 | United Nations. (2024, March). Gaza humanitarian situation: UN news update. UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147976 |
↑12 | Voir sur l’instrumentalisation des femmes afghanes: KHALILI, LALEH. (2011). Gendered Practices of Counterinsurgency. Review of International Studies. 37. 1471 – 1491. 10.1017/S026021051000121X. |
↑13 | Haddad M. (2021) Mapping Gaza: Schools, Hospitals, Refugee Camps and More, Al Jazeera https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/21/mapping-gaza-hospitals-schools-refugee-camps-palestine |
↑14 | Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2024). Human rights situation in Gaza: A/HRC/56/CRP.4. United Nations Human Rights Council. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-crp-4.pdf |
↑15 | United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). (2024). Situation report 94: Situation in Gaza Strip and West Bank, including East Jerusalem. UNRWA. https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-94-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east / ;UNRWA. (2024). UNRWA on the frontlines: Managing health care in Gaza during catastrophe. UNRWA. https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/official-statements/unrwa-frontlines-managing-health-care-gaza-during-catastrophe |
↑16 | Voir Institut de Géopolitique (IGG). (n.d.). Géopolitique des guerres et conflits modernes. IGG. https://igg-geo.org/?p=18249 ; Rouach, D. (2020). Mémoire de Master 2: Géopolitique des conflits modernes. Institut de Géopolitique des Guerres. https://igg-geo.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Me%CC%81moire-Master-2-Deborah-Rouach-.pdf |
↑17 | Fregonese, S. (2012). Urban Geopolitics 8 Years on. Hybrid Sovereignties, the Everyday, and Geographies of Peace. Geography Compass, 6(5). |
↑18 | Weizman, E. (2008). À travers les murs. La Fabrique. https://lafabrique.fr/a-travers-les-murs/)) mais aussi au moins depuis 2007 à Gaza, accentuent l’impact dévastateur de la guerre sur des quotidiens de civils. Ces tactiques comprennent des politiques et des pratiques telles que des agressions et expulsions quotidiennes en Cisjordanie((Forensic Architecture. (2022). Sheikh Jarrah: Ethnic cleansing in Jerusalem. Forensic Architecture. https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/sheikh-jarrah |
↑19 | Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2024, February). Israel/OPT: UN experts appalled by reported human rights violations against women. United Nations Human Rights Office. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/israelopt-un-experts-appalled-reported-human-rights-violations-against |
↑20 | https://news.un.org/fr/story/2023/11/1140902 |
↑21 | UN Women. (2024, April). Six months into the war on Gaza, over 10,000 women have been killed. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/fr/news-stories/press-release/2024/04/six-months-into-the-war-on-gaza-over-10000-women-have-been-killed / Awadallah, A. (2024, February). The forgotten women and girls in Gaza: A sexual and reproductive health catastrophe. Bond. https://www.bond.org.uk/news/2024/02/the-forgotten-women-and-girls-in-gaza-a-sexual-and-reproductive-health-catastrophe/ |
↑22 | ReliefWeb. (2024). Silent struggles: The unseen impact of UNRWA defunding on Gaza’s older generation. ReliefWeb. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/silent-struggles-unseen-impact-unrwa-defunding-gazas-older-generation |
↑23 | Voir UN Women. (2024, January). Gender alert: The gendered impact of the crisis in Gaza. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2024/01/gender-alert-the-gendered-impact-of-the-crisis-in-gaza / UN Women. (2023, October). Facts and figures: Women and girls during the war in Gaza. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2023/10/facts-and-figures-women-and-girls-during-the-war-in-gaza |
↑24 | Enloe, C. (1990, September 25). Womenandchildren: Making feminist sense of the Persian Gulf crisis. Village Voice, 29–32. |
↑25 | Voir par exemple: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2024, May). Onslaught of violence against women and children in Gaza unacceptable: UN experts. *United Nations Human Rights Office*. https://www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2024/05/onslaught-violence-against-women-and-children-gaza-unacceptable-un-experts ; UNICEF France. (2024). Gaza: Les femmes et les nouveau-nés subissent le poids du conflit. *UNICEF France*. https://www.unicef.fr/article/gaza-les-femmes-et-les-nouveau-nes-subissent-le-poids-du-conflit/ |
↑26 | United Nations. (2023, December 7). Amid unfolding humanitarian catastrophe, Israel-Hamas war threatens to engulf entire region, warns senior United Nations officials. *United Nations Press*. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15503.doc.htm |
↑27 | CNN. (2023, December 7). Gaza: Israeli soldiers detain men amid war. *CNN*. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/07/middleeast/gaza-israeli-soldiers-detained-men-intl/index.html |
↑28 | Brenner, A. Resisting Simple Dichotomies: Critiquing Narratives of Victims, Perpetrators, and Harm in Feminist Theories of Rape, Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 36, 503-568. |
↑29 | Hammami, R. (2019). Destabilizing Mastery and the Machine. Current Anthropology, 60, S87 – S97. |
↑30, ↑43 | Narozhna, T. (2022). The lived body, everyday and generative powers of war: toward an embodied ontology of war as experience. International Theory, 14(2), 210–232. doi:10.1017/S1752971921000129 |
↑31 | UNICEF. (2022, June). Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade. *UNICEF*. https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |
↑32 | Free Gaza Circus. (2024). Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/free.gaza.circus?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw== |
↑33, ↑35 | Reuters. (2024, May 13). Gazans strive to study as war shatters education system. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gazans-strive-study-war-shatters-education-system-2024-05-13/ |
↑34 | “ As Mainstream Media Fails Gaza, Social Media Fights to Tell the Real Story” Middle East Council on Global Affairs, 2024 https://mecouncil.org/blog_posts/as-mainstream-media-fails-gaza-social-media-fights-to-tell-the-real-story/ |
↑36 | ActionAid Palestine. (2024). Gaza women inspire the world with their unparalleled strength in responding to the humanitarian crisis. ActionAid Palestine. https://palestine.actionaid.org/stories/2024/gaza-women-inspire-world-their-unparalleled-strength-responding-humanitarian |
↑37 | Association for Women’s Rights in Development, (awid.ord) (2004) Intersectionality: A Tool for Gender and Economic Justice. |
↑38 | Sayegh, G. (2015) Rethinking Intersections, Rethinking Contexts: Writing in Times of Dissent, Rethinking Intersections, 1, 1. / voir aussi: Said, E. (1978) Orientalism, Pantheon Books / Abu-Lughod, L. (2001) ‘Orientalism’ and Middle East Feminist Studies. Feminist Studies, 27, 1, 101–13. |
↑39 | Sayegh, G. (2015) Rethinking Intersections, Rethinking Contexts: Writing in Times of Dissent, Rethinking Intersections, 1, 1. |
↑40 | Voir Keen, D. (2011) The Political Economy of War, War and Underdevelopment: Volume 1: The Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict (Oxford Academic), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241866.003.0003 |
↑41 | Cockburn, C. (2012) The Continuum of Violence: A Gender Perspective on War and Peace, Wenona Giles (ed.), Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520230729.003.0002 |
↑42 | Parashar, S. (2013) ‘What wars and “war bodies” know about international relations’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 26(4), pp. 615–630. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2013.837429./ |
↑44 | Chandler, D. (2015). Resilience and the ‘everyday’: beyond the paradox of ‘liberal peace.’ Review of International Studies, 41(1), 27–48. doi:10.1017/S0260210513000533 |
↑45 | Dirik D. (2015) “The Women’s Revolution in Rojava: Defeating Fascism by Constructing an Alternative Society”, in A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution, eds. Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness, (London: Combustion Books |
↑46 | Veronese, G., Sousa, C., & Cavazzoni, F. (2021). Survival and Resilience Among Palestinian Women: A Qualitative Analysis Using Individual and Collective Life Events Calendars. Violence Against Women, 27(6-7), 900-917. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220914406 |
↑47 | Par example, UN Women. (2024, January). Scared, exhausted and expecting the worst: Women in Gaza describe humanitarian crisis. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2024/01/scared-exhausted-and-expecting-the-worst-women-in-gaza-describe-humanitarian-crisis |
↑48, ↑61 | UN Women. (2023, November). *Voices from Gaza: Hala’s journey of resilience*. UN Women Palestine. https://palestine.unwomen.org/en/stories/feature-story/2023/11/voices-from-gaza-halas-journey-of-resilience |
↑49 | Johansson, A., & Vinthagen, S. (2016). Dimensions of Everyday Resistance: An Analytical Framework. Critical Sociology, 42(3), 417-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920514524604 |
↑50 | Kayali, L. (2024). Transformative incrementalism: Palestinian women’s strategies of resistance and resilience amid gendered insecurity and neoliberal co-optation. Security Dialogue, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106241226653 |
↑51 | Kuttab E. (2018) The Palestinian Women’s Movement: From Resistance and Liberation to Accommodation and Globalization |
↑52, ↑54 | Este J. (2018) Palestinian women: a history of female resistance in Gaza and the West Bank, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/palestinian-women-a-history-of-female-resistance-in-gaza-and-the-west-bank-96864 |
↑53 | Freedom Flotilla Coalition. (n.d.). The role of women in the Palestinian popular resistance. Freedom Flotilla. https://wbg.freedomflotilla.org/news/the-role-of-women-in-the-palestinian-popular-resistance |
↑55 | Voir par example: Kayali, L. (2024). Transformative incrementalism: Palestinian women’s strategies of resistance and resilience amid gendered insecurity and neoliberal co-optation. Security Dialogue, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/09670106241226653 / El-Haddad, L. (2014). After the Smoke Clears: Gaza’s Everyday Resistance. Journal of Palestine Studies, 44(1), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2014.44.1.120 / Rijke et al. (2014) To Exist is to Resist: Sumud, Heroism and the Everyday, https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/165375)), permet de saisir les complexités de ces démarches ascendantes ((Méthodologie se concentrant sur la petite échelle d’analyse pour ensuite construire son argumentation de façon plus large |
↑56, ↑63 | Ryan, C. (2015) Everyday Resilience as Resistance: Palestinian Women Practicing Sumud International Political Sociology, 9, 299–315. |
↑57 | ISM France. (2022, May 1). Sumud: Paroles de résistance des prisonnières palestiniennes. ISM France. https://ismfrance.org/index.php/2022/05/01/sumud-paroles-de-resistance-des-prisonnieres-palestiniennes/ISM France. (2022, May 1). Sumud: Paroles de résistance des prisonnières palestiniennes. ISM France. https://ismfrance.org/index.php/2022/05/01/sumud-paroles-de-resistance-des-prisonnieres-palestiniennes/ |
↑58 | El-Haddad, L. (2014). After the Smoke Clears: Gaza’s Everyday Resistance. Journal of Palestine Studies, 44(1), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2014.44.1.120 |
↑59 | Par example, Leila Khalid. |
↑60 | Al Jazeera. (2023, November 20). *Palestine symbols: Keffiyeh, olive branch, watermelon*. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/11/20/palestine-symbols-keffiyeh-olive-branch-watermelon |
↑62 | Institute for Palestine Studies. (n.d.). *Voices from the camp : The ongoing Nakba*. Institute for Palestine Studies. https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/165375 |