Temps de lecture : 15 minutes
References
↑1 | Chebib, N. K., & Sohail, R. M. (2011). The reasons social media contributed to the 2011 Egyptian revolution. International journal of business research and management (IJBRM), 2(3), 139-162. |
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↑2 | Murthy, D. (2018). Twitter. Cambridge: Polity Press. |
↑3 | Newsom, V. A., & Lengel, L. (2012). Arab women, social media, and the Arab spring: Applying the framework of digital reflexivity to analyze gender and online activism. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 13(5), 31‑46. |
↑4 | Egypt : Prosecute Sexual Assaults on Protesters | Human Rights Watch, disponible à l’adresse https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/22/egypt-prosecute-sexual-assaults-protesters |
↑5 | Frada, R. (2023, décembre 13). State Violence Against Women in Egypt’s Prisons : Gendering Bodies and Space 1/2. Institut Du Genre En Géopolitique, disponible à l’adresse https://igg-geo.org/?p=17057&lang=en |
↑6 | Galan, S. (2016). Beyond the Logic of State Protection : Feminist Self-Defense in Cairo after the January 25 Revolution. Kohl: a Journal for Body and Gender Research, 2, 71. https://doi.org/10.36583/kohl/2-1-9 |
↑7 | Sexual Harassment in the Arab Region. (2015, novembre 19). UNFPA Arabstates, disponible à l’adresse https://arabstates.unfpa.org/en/publications/sexual-harassment-arab-region |
↑8 | United Nations Foundation sur X, disponible à l’adresse https://twitter.com/unfoundation/status/382588827556409344 |
↑9 | Gender-based violence. (s. d.). UNFPA Egypt, disponible à https://egypt.unfpa.org/en/node/22540 |
↑10 | Égypte : Épidémie de violence sexuelle. (2013, 3 juillet). Human Rights Watch. Disponible à l’adresse https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2013/07/03/egypte-epidemie-de-violence-sexuelle |
↑11 | Bohn, L. E. (2011, mars 11). What Happened on March 8 in Tahrir Square. Ms. Magazine, disponible à l’adresse https://msmagazine.com/2011/03/10/what-happened-on-march-8-in-tahrir-square/ |
↑12 | Egypt women protesters forced to take « virginity tests ». (2011, mars 24). BBC News, disponible à l’adresse https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12854391 |
↑13 | Bohn, L. E. (2011, mars 11). What Happened on March 8 in Tahrir Square. Ms. Magazine. , disponible à l’adresse https://msmagazine.com/2011/03/10/what-happened-on-march-8-in-tahrir-square/ |
↑14 | Abu Amara, N. (2012). Le débat sur le harcèlement sexuel en Égypte : Une violence sociale et politique. Égypte/Monde arabe, 9, Article 9, disponible à l’adresse https://doi.org/10.4000/ema.3012 |
↑15 | Egypt. Keeping Women Out – Sexual violence against women in the public sphere. (2014, avril). Fédération Internationale pour les Droits Humains. |
↑16, ↑18, ↑19, ↑22, ↑26, ↑28 | Fighting sexual violence in Egypt on social media: A visual essay on assault police, disponible à l’adresse https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2021.1991972 |
↑17 | Les femmes victimes d’agressions sexuelles en Égypte. (2013, février 1). Amnesty International, disponible à l’adresse https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2013/02/sexual-attacks-on-women-in-egypt/ |
↑20 | Crackdown on freedom of expression turns Egypt into an open-air prison. (2018, septembre 20). Amnesty International, disponible à l’adresse https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/09/egypt-unprecedented-crackdown-on-freedom-of-expression-under-alsisi-turns-egypt-into-openair-prison/ |
↑21 | En Égypte, une révolution féministe 2.0 est en marche | Slate.fr, disponible à l’adresse https://www.slate.fr/story/205982/Égypte-revolution-feministe-reseaux-sociaux-viols-agressions-sexuelles |
↑23 | Https://www.facebook.com/opantish, disponible à l’adresse https://www.facebook.com/opantish |
↑24, ↑25 | el Fekki, A. (2015, 16 juin). ‘I Saw Harassment’ gets positive response from male citizens in awareness campaign – Dailynewsegypt. Dailynewsegypt, disponible à l’adresse https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/06/16/i-saw-harassment-gets-positive-response-from-male-citizens-in-awareness-campaign/ |
↑27, ↑29, ↑30, ↑31 | Egypt’s Sexual Harassment Law: An Insufficient Measure to End Sexual Violence. (s. d.). Middle East Institute, disponible à l’adresse https://www.mei.edu/publications/egypts-sexual-harassment-law-insufficient-measure-end-sexual-violence |
↑32 | Sexual Harassment Laws in Egypt: Does Stricter Mean More Effective? (2021, décembre 14). The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, disponible à l’adresse https://timep.org/2021/12/14/sexual-harassment-laws-in-egypt-does-stricter-mean-more-effective/ |
↑33 | Twitter, Instagram, Tik Tok et Facebook. |
↑34 | Égypte : Sissi promulgue une loi de surveillance des réseaux sociaux. (2018, septembre 2). France 24, disponible à l’adresse https://www.france24.com/fr/20180902-egypte-al-sissi-loi-surveillance-reseaux-sociaux-medias-opposants |
↑35 | En Égypte, une révolution féministe 2.0 est en marche | Slate.fr, disponible à l’adresse https://www.slate.fr/story/205982/egypte-revolution-feministe-reseaux-sociaux-viols-agressions-sexuelles |
↑36 | The 22-Year-Old Force Behind Egypt’s Growing #MeToo Movement—The New York Times, disponible à l’adresse https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/world/middleeast/egypt-metoo-sexual-harassment-ashraf.html |
↑37, ↑40, ↑41, ↑48 | Salif, H., & el Boujjoufi, M. (2021). Gender, Language, and the Separation of Public and Private Space (p. 282). |
↑38 | Meet Assault Police’s Nadeen Ashraf : The Student Behind Egypt’s Anti-Harassment Revolution | Egyptian Streets. (2020, septembre 20), disponible à l’adresse https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/09/20/meet-nadeen-ashraf-the-student-behind-egypts-anti-harrassment-social-media-revolution/ |
↑39 | Vidéo | Facebook, disponible à l’adresse https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2633445323652654 |
↑42 | Ahmed Bassam Zaki Sentenced to 3 Years in Prison | Egyptian Streets. (s. d.). Consulté 22 janvier 2024, disponible à l’adresse https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/12/29/ahmed-bassam-zaki-sentenced-to-3-years-in-prison/ |
↑43 | Al-Youm, A.-M. (2022, septembre 13). Egypt court acquits Ahmed Bassam Zaki for misusing social sites. Egypt Independent, disponible à l’adresse https://www.egyptindependent.com/egypt-court-acquits-ahmed-bassam-zaki-for-misusing-social-sites/ |
↑44 | Ahmed Bassam Zaki Sentenced to 8 Years in Prison for Sexual Assault | Egyptian Streets. (2021, avril 11) , disponible à l’adresse https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/04/11/ahmed-bassam-zaki-sentenced-to-8-years-in-prison-for-sexual-assault/ |
↑45 | Egypt’s Court of Cassation Upholds Eight-Year Sentence in Ahmed Bassam Zaki Case | Egyptian Streets. (2023, août 18), disponible à l’adresse https://egyptianstreets.com/2023/08/18/egypts-court-of-cassation-upholds-eight-year-sentence-in-ahmed-bassam-zaki-case/ |
↑46 | Salif, H., & el Boujjoufi, M. (2021). Gender, Language, and the Separation of Public and Private Space (p. 282 |
↑47 | Sexual Rights Database, disponible à l’adresse https://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/357/Egypt |
↑49 | Egypt passes bill to give women anonymity in sexual abuse cases, disponible à l’adresse https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/egypt-passes-bill-to-give-women-anonymity-in-sexual-abuse-cases-1.1064587 |
↑50 | Egypt : Parliament Approves Draft Law Concealing the Identity of Victims of Sexual Violence Crimes during the Pretrial Investigative Stage. (s. d.). [Web page]. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, disponible à l’adresse https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2020-09-08/egypt-parliament-approves-draft-law-concealing-the-identity-of-victims-of-sexual-violence-crimes-during-the-pretrial-investigative-stage/ |
↑51 | Hendawi, H. (2020, juillet 9). Egypt moves to encourage women to report sexual crimes. The National, disponible à l’adresse https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/egypt-moves-to-encourage-women-to-report-sexual-crimes-1.1046830 |
↑52 | Foundation, T. R. (s. d.). Egypt approves law to protect women reporting sex abuse. news.trust.org, disponible à l’adresse https://news.trust.org/item/20200816164340-pspxh/ |
↑53 | Egypt : Gang Rape Witnesses Arrested, Smeared | Human Rights Watch. (2020, septembre 11), disponible à l’adresse https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/11/egypt-gang-rape-witnesses-arrested-smeared |
↑54, ↑56, ↑57 | Égypte. Il faut cesser de poursuivre en justice les défenseur·e·s des droits humains qui dénoncent les violences sexuelles. (2022, mars 12). Amnesty International, disponible à l’adresse https://www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2022/03/egypt-end-prosecution-of-rights-defender-for-speaking-out-against-sexual-violence/ |
↑55 | Egypt’s TikTok Crackdown and “Family Values”. (2020, août 13). The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, disponible à l’adresse https://timep.org/2020/08/13/egypts-tiktok-crackdown-and-family-values/ |