Temps de lecture : 12 minutes
References
↑1, ↑8 | Comité des Nations unies pour l’élimination de la discrimination à l’égard des femmes (CEDAW), ” Recommandation générale n° 30 sur les femmes dans la prévention des conflits, les conflits et les situations post-conflit “, 1er novembre 2013, CEDAW/C/GC/30, url : https://www.ohchr.org/documents/hrbodies/cedaw/gcomments/cedaw.c.cg.30.pdf. |
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↑2 | Ibid |
↑3 | “La violence sexuelle et sexiste (VSS) désigne tout acte perpétré contre la volonté d’une personne et fondé sur les normes de genre et les relations de pouvoir inégales”. “Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) prevention and response”, HCR L’Agence des Nations unies pour les réfugiés, consulté le 25 février 2021, url : https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/60283/sexual-and-gender-based-violence-sgbv-prevention-and-response. |
↑4 | Hancock, Ange-Marie, “When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm,” 2007, Perspectives on Politics, vol. 5, no. 1, page 64. |
↑5 | Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR), “Chapitre 10 : Le génocide rwandais et ses conséquences”, 2000, La situation des réfugiés dans le monde 2000 : Cinquante ans d’action humanitaire, url : https://www.unhcr.org/en-ie/3ebf9bb60.pdf. |
↑6 | Le terme « génocidaires » renvoie aux personnes ayant participé au génocide rwandais de 1994. |
↑7 | Collins, Patricia Hill, and Sirma Bilge, Intersectionality, 2nd edition, 2020, page 1. |
↑9 | Hancock, Ange-Marie, “When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm,” 2007, Perspectives on Politics, vol. 5, no. 1, [American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press], page 64. |
↑10 | “Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later”, 8 June 2017, Columbia Law School, , url: https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later. |
↑11 | Hankivsky, Olena, “Intersectionality 101”, 2014, Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, Simon Fraser University, vol. 64, page 2. |
↑12 | Segal, Aaron, “Rwanda/ The Underlying Causes: A behind-the-Headlines Report on Bahutu-Batutsi Warfare”, 1964, Africa Report, vol. 9, issue 4, page 2, url: https://search.proquest.com/openview/eba776f34bab41f2214e08b06bbb11d8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1820943 |
↑13 | Mamdani, Mahmood, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, 2001, page 100 |
↑14 | Ibid, p.116 |
↑15 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., “Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath”, Human Rights Watch Women’s Rights Project, 1996, page 2, url: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm. |
↑16 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., “Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath”, 1996, Human Rights Watch Women’s Rights Project, page 2, url: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm, op. cit. |
↑17 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 20, op. cit. |
↑18 | Ibid, pp.20-21 |
↑19 | Ibid, p.2 |
↑20 | Mamdani 190 |
↑21 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 11, op. cit. |
↑22 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 21, op. cit. |
↑23 | Burnet, Jennie E, “Rape as a Weapon of Genocide: Gender, Patriarchy, and Sexual Violence in the Rwandan Genocide”, 2015, Anthropology Faculty Publications, vol. 13, page 1. |
↑24 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 2, op. cit. |
↑25 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 18, op. cit. |
↑26 | Assemblée générale des Nations unies, “Prévention et répression du crime de génocide”, 9 décembre 1948, A/RES/260, url : https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crimeofgenocide.aspx. |
↑27 | Voir la partie (b) de l’article 2 de la Convention pour la prévention et la répression du génocide interdisant les atteintes à l’intégrité physique ou mentale des membres du groupe. |
↑28 | Benshoof, Janet, “The Other Red Line: The Use of Rape as an Unlawful Tactic of Warfare”, May 2014, Global Policy, vol. 5, no. 2, page 147. |
↑29 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820, “Preamble. New York”, 2008, NY: UN, url : https://www.peacewomen.org/SCR-1820. |
↑30 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 2, op. cit |
↑31 | Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (1998) Jugement, Procureur contre Akayesu, affaire n° ICTR-96-4-T, 2 septembre, url : https://unictr.irmct.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-96-4/trial-judgements/en/980902.pdf. |
↑32 | Burnet, Jennie E, page 15, op. cit. |
↑33 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., op. cit. |
↑34 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 3, op. cit.. & Benshoof, Janet, page 153, op. cit. |
↑35 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., page 3, op. cit.. & Benshoof, Janet, page 153, op. cit. |
↑36 | Burnet, Jennie E, “Rape as a Weapon of Genocide: Gender, Patriarchy, and Sexual Violence in the Rwandan Genocide”, Anthropology Faculty Publications, vol. 13, 2015, page 1. |
↑37 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., “Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath”, Human Rights Watch Women’s Rights Project, 1996, page 21, url: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm. |
↑38 | Nowrojee, Binaifer, Fleischman, J., Des Forges, A., Longman, T., Rlph, R., Wakabi, K., & Levin, S., “Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath”, Human Rights Watch Women’s Rights Project, 1996, page 11, url: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm. |
↑39 | Burnet, Jennie E, page 20, op. cit. |
↑40 | Hancock, Ange-Marie, “When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm,” 2007, Perspectives on Politics, vol. 5, no. 1, page 65. |
↑41 | Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies aux droits de l’homme ” Recommandation générale n° 30 sur les femmes dans la prévention des conflits, les situations de conflit et d’après-conflit “, Comité des Nations unies pour l’élimination de la discrimination à l’égard des femmes (CEDAW), 1er nov. 2013, url : https://www.ohchr.org/documents/hrbodies/cedaw/gcomments/cedaw.c.cg.30.pdf. |