Temps de lecture : 9 minutes
References
↑1 | La première phase (Désarmement) consiste en la documentation, la récupération et le recyclage des armes des ancien·ne·s combattant·e·s et des civil·e·s. La seconde (Démobilisation) s’inscrit dans la décharge des combattant·e·s actif·ve·s des groupes armés, tout en procurant aux ancien·ne·s combattant·e·s une assistance sociale, éducative, voire financière. Enfin, la dernière phase (Réintégration) accompagne les ancien·ne·s combattant·e·s dans l’acquisition d’un statut civil et d’un emploi durable. |
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↑2 | UN Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Resource Center (DDRRC). “Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards Module 1.20: Glossary: Terms and Definitions”. New York : UN DDRRC. 2006. |
↑3, ↑24, ↑27, ↑30, ↑32, ↑36, ↑39 | MAZURANA D., KRYSTALLI R. & BAARE A. “Gender and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration: Reviewing and advancing the field”. The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Conflict, ed. NI AOLAIN F., CAHN N., HAYNES Diana F., VALJI N.. 2017. |
↑4, ↑10, ↑18, ↑25, ↑26 | DOUGLAS S., FARR V., HILL F. and KASUMA W. “Getting it Right, Doing it right: Gender and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration”. New York: UNIFEM. 2004. |
↑5 | CARAMEZ A. & SANZ E. “DDR 2009: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). Programmes in the World during 2008”. Bellatera: School for a Culture of Peace. 2009. |
↑6 | MAZURANA D. & CALSON K. “From Combat to Community: Women and Girls of Sierra Leone”. Washington DC : Women Waging Peace. 2004. |
↑7 | DONNAINT E. “Les ex-combattantes de la guerre civile sierra-léonaise : conditions d’exclusion du programme de Désarmement, Démobilisation et Réintégration de l’Organisation des Nations unies”, Institut du Genre en Géopolitique, 2021. |
↑8 | HALE S. “Liberated but Not Free: Women in Post-War Eritrea. In The Aftermath: Women in Post-Conflict Transformation”, edited by MEINTJES Sheila, PILLAY Anu, TURSHEN Meredith, 1226141. London: Zed Books. 2001 |
↑9, ↑22 | MAZURANA D. and ECKERKORN COLE L. “Women, Girls and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR)”. In Women and Wars, edited by COHN Carol, 194-214. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2013. |
↑11 | FELICES-LUNA M. “Déviance et politique : la carrière des femmes au sein de groupes armés contestataires”, Déviance et Société, 2008/2 (Vol. 32), p. 163-185. |
↑12 | MILLOT C. “Femmes, conflits armés et processus de paix: victimes, spectatrices, protagonistes, mais surtout… actrices!”. University of Ottawa (Canada). 2013. |
↑13 | BUCAILLE L, “Femmes à la guerre. Égalité, sexe et violence”, Critique internationale, 2013/3 (N° 60), p. 9-19. |
↑14, ↑16 | OLSSON S. “Hear the voices of Congo’s girl child soldiers”, The New Humanitarian, 19 juin 2017. Disponible sur : https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2017/06/19/hear-voices-congo-s-girl-child-soldiers |
↑15 | KEIARNS Y. E. “The Voices of Girl Child Soldiers : Sri Lanka”. Quaker United Nations Office. Janvier 2003. |
↑17 | MOSER C.O.N. & CLARK F. C. “Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence”, Londres, New York, Palgrave Macmillan. 2001. |
↑19 | BUCAILLE L., “Femmes à la guerre. Égalité, sexe et violence”, Critique internationale, 2013/3 (N° 60), p. 9-19. |
↑20 | HELMS E. “Innocence and Victimhood: Gender, Nation and Women’s Activism in Post-War Bosnia-Herzegovina”. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2013. |
↑21 | BASINI H.S.A. “Gender Mainstreaming Unraveled: The Case of DDRR in Liberia”, International Interactions, 39:4, 535-557, 2013. |
↑23 | COULTER C. “Bush Wives and Girl Soldiers: Women’s Lives through War and Peace in Sierra Leone”. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2009 |
↑28 | MACKENZIE M. “Securitisation and Desecuritisation: Female Soldiers and the reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone”. Security Studies 18, n°2:241-61. 2009. |
↑29 | NASLUND E. “Looking at Peace though Women’s Eyes: Gender-Based Discrimination in the Salvadoran Peace Process”. Journal of Public and International Affairs, 10. 1999. p. 30. |
↑31 | THEIDON K. “Reconstructing Masculinities: The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Colombia”. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1, n° 1: 66-90. 2009. |
↑33 | PANKHURST D. “Post-War Backlash Violence against Women: What Can « Masculinity » Explain?”, ed., Donna Pankhurst, Gendered Peace: Women’s Struggles for Post-War Justice and Reconciliation. Oxon: Routledge. 2007. |
↑34 | ANDERLINI S.N. “Women Building Peace. What they Do, Why it Matters”. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Boulder, London. 2007. |
↑35 | Nations Unies, Operational Guide to the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS), 2014. Disponible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.unddr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Operational-Guide-to-the-IDDRS-2014.pdf |
↑37 | Ibid. |
↑38 | STEINBERG D. « Women and War An Agenda for Action », dans Women and War. Power and Protection in the 21st Century, sous la direction de Kuehnast, Kathleen et al., United States Institute of Peace Press. Washington D.C. 2011. Pp. 115-13 |