Temps de lecture : 17 minutes
References
↑1, ↑10, ↑15, ↑18 | Perović, J. (2024). Georgia at a Crossroads. CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 349. https://css.ethz.ch/en/publications/css-analyses-in-security-policy/details.html?id=/n/o/3/4/no_349_georgia_at_a_crossroadsnr_349_geo |
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↑2 | Désigne les personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles, trans, queer, intersexes, asexuelles ou toute personne ne se reconnaissant pas dans les normes hétérosexuelles et cisgenres. |
↑3, ↑6 | ILGA-Europe. (2024, September 18). Statement: The President of Georgia must not sign “On Family Values and the Protection of Minors” legislative package into law. https://www.ilga-europe.org/news/statement-the-president-of-georgia-must-not-sign-on-family-values-and-the-protection-of-minors-legislative-package-into-law/ |
↑4 | Perović, J. (2024). Georgia at a Crossroads. CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 349. https://css.ethz.ch/en/publications/css-analyses-in-security-policy/details.html?id=/n/o/3/4/no_349_georgia_at_a_crossroadsnr_349_geo |
↑5 | Le Monde avec AFP. (2024, October 3). En Géorgie, la loi restreignant les droits LGBTQIA + promulguée par le président du Parlement. Le Monde.fr. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2024/10/03/en-georgie-la-loi-restreignant-les-droits-lgbtqia-promulguee-par-le-president-du-parlement_6342511_3210.html |
↑7 | Perović, J. (2024). Georgia at a Crossroads. CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 349. https://css.ethz.ch/en/publications/css-analyses-in-security-policy/details.html?id=/n/o/3/4/no_349_georgia_at_a_crossroadsnr_349_geo |
↑8, ↑11, ↑13, ↑30, ↑37, ↑38, ↑39, ↑48, ↑56, ↑57, ↑66, ↑70, ↑71, ↑73, ↑78, ↑79 | Ibid. |
↑9 | Delcour, L. (2024). Un changement de paradigme ? L’Union européenne et l’Eurasie depuis la guerre en Ukraine, in de Tinguy, A. (dir.), Regards sur l’Eurasie. L’année politique 2023. Les Études du CERI, 273–274, 37-41. https://hal.science/hal-04459373v1 |
↑12 | Delcour, L. (2024). Un changement de paradigme ? L’Union européenne et l’Eurasie depuis la guerre en Ukraine. In de Tinguy, A. (dir.), Regards sur l’Eurasie. L’année politique 2023. Les Études du CERI, 273–274, 37-41. https://hal.science/hal-04459373v1 |
↑14 | La rédaction (2024, November 29). Géorgie : le gouvernement reporte sa demande d’adhésion à l’Union européenne. Le club des juristes. https://www.leclubdesjuristes.com/en-bref/georgie-le-gouvernement-reporte-sa-demande-dadhesion-a-lunion-europeenne-8101/ |
↑16 | ILGA-Europe. (2024, September 18). Statement: The President of Georgia must not sign “On Family Values and the Protection of Minors” legislative package into law. https://www.ilga-europe.org/news/statement-the-president-of-georgia-must-not-sign-on-family-values-and-the-protection-of-minors-legislative-package-into-law/ |
↑17 | Luciani, L. (2021). Where the Personal is (Geo)Political: Performing Queer Visibility in Georgia in the Context of EU Association. Problems of Post-Communism, 70(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1937228 |
↑19, ↑21, ↑76 | Gutbrod, H. (2024, December 7). Defending the Future: Understanding Georgia’s Fall Protests. Civil Georgia. https://civil.ge/archives/642540 |
↑20, ↑35 | Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2024, October 25). Georgia, Parliamentary Elections, 26 October 2024: Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions. https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/georgia/579346 |
↑22, ↑28 | Conseil européen. Géorgie. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/fr/policies/eu-georgia-relations/ |
↑23 | European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR). Conditions for membership. https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/conditions-membership_en |
↑24 | Les critères politiques renvoient à la stabilité des institutions politiques à assurer la démocratie, l’Etat de droit, les droits humains et la protection des minorités. |
↑25 | Les critères économiques renvoient à la capacité à faire face à la concurrence du marché intérieur de l’Union. |
↑26 | Les critères concernant l’acquis communautaire renvoient à la transposition, dans la législation nationale, de l’ensemble du droit européen en vigueur. |
↑27 | T. Marktler. (2006, December). The Power of the Copenhagen Criteria. Croatian Yearbook of European Law and Policy, 2(2), 343-363. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44723 |
↑29 | European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR). (2023, Novembre 8). Georgia Report 2023, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/georgia-report-2023_en ; A titre de comparaison, la Moldavie a reçu des recommandations concernant la Justice, la corruption, la dé-oligarchisation, le crime organisé, la participation de la société civile et les droits humains (voir https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/moldova-report-2023_en ) et l’Ukraine a reçu des recommandations concernant la corruption, le blanchiment d’argent, la dé-oligarchisation et la protection des minorités (voir https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/ukraine-report-2023_en ). |
↑31 | European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR). (2024, October 30). Georgia Report 2024, p. 26. https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/georgia-report-2024_en |
↑32 | Ibid., p. 25. |
↑33 | Venice Commission. (2024, June 21-22). Georgia – Urgent Opinion on the Law of Georgia on Transparency of Foreign Influence, issued on 21 May 2024, pursuant to Article 14a of the Venice Commission’s Revised Rules of Procedure, endorsed by the Venice Commission at its 139th Plenary Session. https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdf=CDL-AD(2024)020-e&lang=fr |
↑34 | Venice Commission. (2024, June 21-22). Géorgie – Avis sur le projet de loi constitutionnelle sur la protection des valeurs familiales et des mineurs, adopté par la Commission de Venise lors de sa 139e session plénière. https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2024)021-f |
↑36 | Shevtsova, M. (2020). Fighting “Gayropa”: Europeanization and Instrumentalization of LGBTI Rights in Ukrainian Public Debate. Problems of Post-Communism, 67(6), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1716807 |
↑40, ↑42 | Teffer. (2015, Novembre 13). Ukraine gives equal rights to gay workers, to please Brussels. euobserver. https://euobserver.com/lgbti/131098 |
↑41 | Shevtsova, M. (2020). Fighting “Gayropa”: Europeanization and Instrumentalization of LGBTI Rights in Ukrainian Public Debate. Problems of Post-Communism, 67(6), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1716807 |
↑43, ↑46, ↑72 | Shevtsova, M. (2020). Fighting “Gayropa”: Europeanization and Instrumentalization of LGBTI Rights in Ukrainian Public Debate. Problems of Post-Communism, 67(6), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1716807 |
↑44, ↑51, ↑63, ↑65, ↑69, ↑80 | Luciani, L. (2021). Where the Personal is (Geo)Political: Performing Queer Visibility in Georgia in the Context of EU Association. Problems of Post-Communism, 70(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1937228 |
↑45, ↑47 | K. Slootmaeckers, (2017). The litmus test of pride: analysing the emergence of the Belgrade “Ghost” pride in the context of EU accession. East European Politics, 33(4), 517–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1367290 |
↑49 | Ziemer, U., and Roberts, S. P. (2024). Populist political masculinities, gender equality, and norm contestation in Armenia and Georgia. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 26(4), 804. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2023.2298692 |
↑50 | Oleg, R. and Ryabova, T. (2014, February 5). The decline of Gayropa? How Russia intends to save the world. Eurozine. https://www.eurozine.com/the-decline-of-gayropa/ |
↑52 | Ici utilisé comme terme générique pour désigner la haine à l’égard des personnes LGBTQIA+. |
↑53 | Ziemer, U., and Roberts, S. P. (2024). Populist political masculinities, gender equality, and norm contestation in Armenia and Georgia. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 26(4), 800-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2023.2298692 |
↑54 | Luciani, L. (2021). Where the Personal is (Geo)Political: Performing Queer Visibility in Georgia in the Context of EU Association. Problems of Post-Communism, 70(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.193722 |
↑55, ↑58 | Tskhadadze, T. (2017). “ »The West” and Georgian “Difference”: Discursive Politics ofGender and Sexuality in Georgia”. In Gender in Georgia. Feminist Perspectives on Culture, Nation, and History in the South Caucasus, edited by Maia Barkaia and Alisse Waterston, 47-56. New York; Oxford: Berghan Books. |
↑59 | Luciani, L. (2021). Where the Personal is (Geo)Political: Performing Queer Visibility in Georgia in the Context of EU Association. Problems of Post-Communism, 70(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1937228 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_12_561 |
↑60 | Ibid. ; Füle, S. (European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy) (2014, March 4). EU-Georgia: About myths and true benefits of Association Agreement. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/speech_14_180/SPEECH_14_180_EN.pdf |
↑61 | Merlin, A. (2024). La Géorgie à l’heure de l’invasion de l’Ukraine : le dissensus entre pouvoir et société. In de Tinguy, A. (dir.), Regards sur l’Eurasie. L’année politique 2023. Les Études du CERI, 273–274, 31–36. https://hal.science/hal-04459361v1 |
↑62, ↑74 | Perović, J. (2024). Georgia at a Crossroads. CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 349. https://css.ethz.ch/en/publications/css-analyses-in-security-policy/details.html?id=/n/o/3/4/no_349_georgia_at_a_crossroadsnr_349_geo |
↑64 | Ziemer, U., and Roberts, S. P. (2024). Populist political masculinities, gender equality, and norm contestation in Armenia and Georgia. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 26(4), 800-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2023.2298692 |
↑67 | ILGA-Europe. (2024, September 18). Statement: The President of Georgia must not sign “On Family Values and the Protection of Minors” legislative package into law. https://www.ilga-europe.org/news/statement-the-president-of-georgia-must-not-sign-on-family-values-and-the-protection-of-minors-legislative-package-into-law/ |
↑68, ↑75 | EURACTIV France avec AFP. (2024, Novembre 29). Géorgie : la police tire des gaz lacrymogènes contre des manifestants pro-UE. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.fr/section/elargissement/news/georgie-la-police-tire-des-gaz-lacrymogenes-contre-des-manifestants-pro-ue/ |
↑77 | Silenská, N. (2024, December 17). Élections en Géorgie : la Slovaquie accuse le Parlement européen d’« ingérence ». Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.fr/section/elargissement/news/elections-en-georgie-la-slovaquie-accuse-le-parlement-europeen-d-ingerence/ |